Foot Alignment and Developmental.
How to Report
Basics. 1
Assess alignment by separately looking at:
- Ankle
- Hindfoot
- Midfoot
- Forefoot
1) Ankle
Only capable of
dorsiflexion > calcaneus
and plantar flexion > equinus
Varus and Valgus tilts are possible and not discussed here.
2) Hindfoot
= talus and calcaneus.
-> varus and valgus
Assessed on AP and Lateral.
- draw lines through central axes of talus and calcaneus.
- forms the AP and Lateral Talocalcaneal Angles.
| Normal Angle(range) | Newborn | 2 years | 4 years | 6 years | 9 years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AP Talocalcaneal | 42(27-56) | 40(27-50) | 34(24-45) | 30(20-40) | 18(5-35) |
| Lateral Talocalcaneal | 39(23-55) | 41(27-56) | 44(31-57) | 44(33-56) | 40(28-52) |
3) Midfoot
= navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms.
-> cavus and planus
4) Forefoot
= metatarsals, phalanges
-> adduction and abduction
[NB: Inversion and Eversion = motion of most of the foot around a near stationary talus. This is mostly the intertarsal joints but involves many/all the foot joints.]
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R.Stein-Wexler et al (eds). Paediatric Orthopaedic Imaging. DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-45381-6_15. Springer Verlag Berlin 2015. ↩